What Actually Happens at Trial?

Trial is often portrayed as the dramatic conclusion of a legal battle—the moment when the truth is revealed, justice is served, and one side walks away vindicated. But for those unfamiliar with the courtroom, it’s easy to underestimate how structured, strategic, and high-stakes a trial really is. From the O.J. Simpson criminal trial to the recent Elizabeth Holmes verdict, history shows that what happens at trial can shape public opinion, careers, and entire industries. This post breaks down the key phases of a trial and illustrates each with famous cases to give you a vivid sense of what really goes on once a case reaches the courtroom.

The Different Stages of Trial

1. Jury Selection (If Applicable)

In jury trials, the process begins with 'voir dire'—a French term meaning 'to speak the truth.' It’s the formal process where attorneys question potential jurors to uncover bias. In the O.J. Simpson trial, jury selection took nearly 10 weeks. The defense and prosecution both understood how critical it was to seat jurors who would be open-minded, especially in a case charged with racial and societal undertones. A jury’s composition can influence not only the verdict, but the way each side crafts its case.

2. Opening Statements

Once the jury is in place (or in a bench trial, once the judge is ready), both sides deliver opening statements. These are not arguments, but roadmaps—an opportunity to frame the facts and set expectations. In the Enron trial, prosecutors painted a picture of calculated corporate fraud. The defense countered with a narrative of financial complexity and misinterpretation. Opening statements help jurors mentally organize what they’ll hear and decide who they trust.

3. Presentation of Evidence

This phase is the heart of the trial. The plaintiff or prosecution presents their case first, introducing documents, exhibits, and witness testimony. The defense follows with its own evidence, aiming to rebut the claims or present a different version of events.In the Elizabeth Holmes trial, testimony from former Theranos employees and investors, along with internal communications, was critical. Jurors heard recorded investor calls and saw promotional materials that helped them understand what Holmes promised—and what she delivered.

4. Cross-Examination

Arguably the most dramatic part of trial, cross-examination allows attorneys to challenge the other side’s witnesses. This is where inconsistencies are exposed and credibility is tested. During the Watergate hearings, it was through relentless questioning that key administration officials were forced to admit damaging facts, setting off a chain of events that led to President Nixon’s resignation. Effective cross-examination is about preparation, timing, and reading the witness—and the jury.

5. Closing Arguments

After all evidence is presented, attorneys summarize their case in closing arguments. This is their final chance to speak directly to the jury or judge, emphasizing key facts and tying together loose ends. In the trial of Derek Chauvin for the murder of George Floyd, closing arguments played a powerful role—especially when prosecutors reminded the jury of the 9 minutes and 29 seconds captured on video. Closings are about persuasion and focus—reminding the jury what matters most.

6. Deliberation and Verdict

Once arguments end, the jury (or judge, in a bench trial) deliberates in private. Jurors weigh the evidence, apply the law as instructed, and strive for a verdict. In some cases, deliberation takes hours. In others, like the months-long Casey Anthony trial, it can take days or more.One of the most iconic verdicts came from the O.J. Simpson trial, where the jury returned a not guilty verdict in less than four hours—despite a trial that lasted over nine months. The speed of the verdict shocked the nation and underscored how unpredictable jury reasoning can be.

Why Trial Still Matters

Though most cases settle before reaching trial, those that go the distance often involve high stakes, public attention, or complex legal questions. Trials are where evidence meets argument, and where law is tested under scrutiny. Whether it’s a civil contract dispute or a high-profile criminal case, trial remains one of the most critical pillars of the justice system.Understanding what happens in the courtroom—step by step—can demystify the process and prepare you for what’s to come, whether you’re a client, a witness, or simply someone interested in how justice is done.